Tables of forms παραδείγματα
The standard patterns of Attic Greek. Learn the endings, not every word: thousands of words follow these same tables.
Endings are shown in red. The small number after each form is how often it occurs with that analysis in the 16 million analysed words of GLAUx; every form was checked against it.
The article
The article has no vocative; ὦ is often used before a name when addressing someone.
| masc. sg | fem. sg | neut. sg | masc. pl | fem. pl | neut. pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ὁ140k | ἡ93k | τό110k | οἱ79k | αἱ24k | τά47k |
| genitive | τοῦ103k | τῆς167k | τοῦ95k | τῶν120k | τῶν31k | τῶν101k |
| dative | τῷ57k | τῇ66k | τῷ53k | τοῖς64k | ταῖς26k | τοῖς36k |
| accusative | τόν145k | τήν216k | τό161k | τούς93k | τάς63k | τά98k |
Second declension, masculine: λόγος
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | λόγος8k | λόγοι1k |
| genitive | λόγου6k | λόγων4k |
| dative | λόγῳ6k | λόγοις2k |
| accusative | λόγον12k | λόγους4k |
| vocative | λόγε6 | λόγοι1 |
Second declension, neuter: δῶρον
Neuters have the same form in nominative, accusative and vocative, and end in -α in the plural.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | δῶρον125 | δῶρα111 |
| genitive | δώρου15 | δώρων147 |
| dative | δώρῳ19 | δώροις126 |
| accusative | δῶρον308 | δῶρα677 |
| vocative | δῶρον2 | δῶρα· |
First declension: ψυχή
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ψυχή3k | ψυχαί312 |
| genitive | ψυχῆς5k | ψυχῶν271 |
| dative | ψυχῇ1k | ψυχαῖς560 |
| accusative | ψυχήν4k | ψυχάς857 |
| vocative | ψυχή49 | ψυχαί4 |
First declension, long α: χώρα
After ε, ι or ρ the singular keeps α instead of η.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | χώρα631 | χῶραι77 |
| genitive | χώρας3k | χωρῶν81 |
| dative | χώρᾳ797 | χώραις123 |
| accusative | χώραν4k | χώρας339 |
| vocative | χώρα· | χῶραι· |
First declension, short α: δόξα
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | δόξα896 | δόξαι92 |
| genitive | δόξης1k | δοξῶν66 |
| dative | δόξῃ616 | δόξαις154 |
| accusative | δόξαν3k | δόξας300 |
| vocative | δόξα2 | δόξαι· |
First declension, masculine: πολίτης
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | πολίτης207 | πολῖται232 |
| genitive | πολίτου84 | πολιτῶν1k |
| dative | πολίτῃ21 | πολίταις512 |
| accusative | πολίτην210 | πολίτας730 |
| vocative | πολῖτα1 | πολῖται61 |
Third declension: φύλαξ
The stem (φυλακ-) shows in the genitive; the nominative hides it (κ + ς = ξ).
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | φύλαξ118 | φύλακες157 |
| genitive | φύλακος12 | φυλάκων144 |
| dative | φύλακι16 | φύλαξι(ν)58 |
| accusative | φύλακα133 | φύλακας312 |
| vocative | φύλαξ3 | φύλακες2 |
Third declension, neuter: σῶμα
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | σῶμα3k | σώματα725 |
| genitive | σώματος7k | σωμάτων2k |
| dative | σώματι3k | σώμασι(ν)1k |
| accusative | σῶμα5k | σώματα2k |
| vocative | σῶμα2 | σώματα· |
Third declension, stems in ι/ε: πόλις
The genitive πόλεως comes from an older πόληος: the two vowels exchanged their lengths, and the accent stayed where it was.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | πόλις3k | πόλεις993 |
| genitive | πόλεως6k | πόλεων2k |
| dative | πόλει4k | πόλεσι(ν)1k |
| accusative | πόλιν10k | πόλεις3k |
| vocative | πόλι9 | πόλεις2 |
Adjective: ἀγαθός, ἀγαθή, ἀγαθόν
| masc. sg | fem. sg | neut. sg | masc. pl | fem. pl | neut. pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ἀγαθός1k | ἀγαθή376 | ἀγαθόν2k | ἀγαθοί602 | ἀγαθαί94 | ἀγαθά487 |
| genitive | ἀγαθοῦ323 | ἀγαθῆς241 | ἀγαθοῦ729 | ἀγαθῶν370 | ἀγαθῶν39 | ἀγαθῶν2k |
| dative | ἀγαθῷ155 | ἀγαθῇ117 | ἀγαθῷ275 | ἀγαθοῖς214 | ἀγαθαῖς40 | ἀγαθοῖς382 |
| accusative | ἀγαθόν584 | ἀγαθήν390 | ἀγαθόν2k | ἀγαθούς622 | ἀγαθάς123 | ἀγαθά1k |
| vocative | ἀγαθέ30 | ἀγαθή3 | ἀγαθόν2 | ἀγαθοί10 | ἀγαθαί· | ἀγαθά· |
Pronouns: ἐγώ (I), σύ (you)
The shorter forms (μου, σου…) are unemphatic and lean on the word before them.
| I | we | you (one) | you (all) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ἐγώ2k | ἡμεῖς461 | σύ1k | ὑμεῖς498 |
| genitive | ἐμοῦ, μου1k | ἡμῶν626 | σοῦ, σου930 | ὑμῶν892 |
| dative | ἐμοί, μοι3k | ἡμῖν768 | σοί, σοι1k | ὑμῖν1k |
| accusative | ἐμέ, με2k | ἡμᾶς510 | σέ, σε1k | ὑμᾶς865 |
Pronoun: αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό
Alone in the genitive, dative or accusative it means him, her, it, them; with the article it means "the same".
| masc. sg | fem. sg | neut. sg | masc. pl | fem. pl | neut. pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | αὐτός18k | αὐτή3k | αὐτό4k | αὐτοί6k | αὐταί431 | αὐτά1k |
| genitive | αὐτοῦ41k | αὐτῆς13k | αὐτοῦ41k | αὐτῶν37k | αὐτῶν37k | αὐτῶν37k |
| dative | αὐτῷ30k | αὐτῇ7k | αὐτῷ30k | αὐτοῖς22k | αὐταῖς2k | αὐτοῖς22k |
| accusative | αὐτόν33k | αὐτήν14k | αὐτό11k | αὐτούς18k | αὐτάς3k | αὐτά7k |
εἰμί (be): present and imperfect
In the imperfect, the older Attic 1st person singular is ἦ; ἦν is also found.
| present | imperfect | |
|---|---|---|
| I | εἰμί633 | ἦ, ἦν1k |
| you (one) | εἶ2k | ἦσθα186 |
| he, she, it | ἐστί(ν)30k | ἦν29k |
| we | ἐσμέν425 | ἦμεν261 |
| you (all) | ἐστέ235 | ἦτε73 |
| they | εἰσί(ν)8k | ἦσαν5k |
λύω (loosen, free): active indicative
λύω is the classic model verb. Its endings are what matter: they appear on thousands of verbs.
| present | imperfect | future | aorist | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | λύω8 | ἔλυον1 | λύσω16 | ἔλυσα8 |
| you (one) | λύεις4 | ἔλυες1 | λύσεις18 | ἔλυσας6 |
| he, she, it | λύει263 | ἔλυε(ν)13 | λύσει31 | ἔλυσε(ν)180 |
| we | λύομεν9 | ἐλύομεν1 | λύσομεν13 | ἐλύσαμεν2 |
| you (all) | λύετε14 | ἐλύετε· | λύσετε6 | ἐλύσατε2 |
| they | λύουσι(ν)59 | ἔλυον12 | λύσουσι(ν)4 | ἔλυσαν70 |
λύομαι: middle and passive, present and imperfect
In these two tenses the middle and the passive share every form. In the 2nd person singular Attic writers spell -ει (λύει), others -ῃ (λύῃ).
| present | imperfect | |
|---|---|---|
| I | λύομαι2 | ἐλυόμην· |
| you (one) | λύει, λύῃ· | ἐλύου· |
| he, she, it | λύεται148 | ἐλύετο12 |
| we | λυόμεθα1 | ἐλυόμεθα· |
| you (all) | λύεσθε· | ἐλύεσθε· |
| they | λύονται42 | ἐλύοντο2 |
λύω: future middle, aorist middle, aorist passive
Here the voices part: the middle keeps the σ, the passive has θη. The future passive, λυθήσομαι "I shall be freed", is built on the same θη.
| future middle | aorist middle | aorist passive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | λύσομαι10 | ἐλυσάμην7 | ἐλύθην2 |
| you (one) | λύσει, λύσῃ· | ἐλύσω1 | ἐλύθης· |
| he, she, it | λύσεται· | ἐλύσατο14 | ἐλύθη40 |
| we | λυσόμεθα· | ἐλυσάμεθα· | ἐλύθημεν· |
| you (all) | λύσεσθε· | ἐλύσασθε· | ἐλύθητε· |
| they | λύσονται· | ἐλύσαντο1 | ἐλύθησαν6 |
Participle, present active: λύων, λύουσα, λῦον
The masculine and neuter decline like third-declension nouns (stem λυοντ-), the feminine like δόξα. Every present active participle of an -ω verb has these endings.
| masc. sg | fem. sg | neut. sg | masc. pl | fem. pl | neut. pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | λύων41 | λύουσα6 | λῦον1 | λύοντες20 | λύουσαι3 | λύοντα6 |
| genitive | λύοντος7 | λυούσης4 | λύοντος· | λυόντων7 | λυουσῶν· | λυόντων· |
| dative | λύοντι6 | λυούσῃ1 | λύοντι· | λύουσι(ν)1 | λυούσαις· | λύουσι(ν)1 |
| accusative | λύοντα12 | λύουσαν1 | λῦον1 | λύοντας7 | λυούσας· | λύοντα1 |
Participle, aorist active: λύσας, λύσασα, λῦσαν
The same pattern with the aorist's σα: stem λυσαντ-, feminine λυσασ-. No augment: that belongs only to the indicative.
| masc. sg | fem. sg | neut. sg | masc. pl | fem. pl | neut. pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | λύσας96 | λύσασα17 | λῦσαν· | λύσαντες68 | λύσασαι2 | λύσαντα· |
| genitive | λύσαντος8 | λυσάσης· | λύσαντος· | λυσάντων6 | λυσασῶν· | λυσάντων· |
| dative | λύσαντι13 | λυσάσῃ· | λύσαντι· | λύσασι(ν)2 | λυσάσαις· | λύσασι(ν)· |
| accusative | λύσαντα22 | λύσασαν2 | λῦσαν· | λύσαντας12 | λυσάσας· | λύσαντα· |