Μάθησις ΣτοιχείωνMathesis Stoicheion
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Tables of forms παραδείγματα

The standard patterns of Attic Greek. Learn the endings, not every word: thousands of words follow these same tables.

Endings are shown in red. The small number after each form is how often it occurs with that analysis in the 16 million analysed words of GLAUx; every form was checked against it.

The article

The article has no vocative; ὦ is often used before a name when addressing someone.

masc. sgfem. sgneut. sgmasc. plfem. plneut. pl
nominativeὁ140kἡ93kτό110kοἱ79kαἱ24kτά47k
genitiveτοῦ103kτῆς167kτοῦ95kτῶν120kτῶν31kτῶν101k
dativeτῷ57kτῇ66kτῷ53kτοῖς64kταῖς26kτοῖς36k
accusativeτόν145kτήν216kτό161kτούς93kτάς63kτά98k

Second declension, masculine: λόγος

singularplural
nominativeλόγος8kλόγοι1k
genitiveλόγου6kλόγων4k
dativeλόγῳ6kλόγοις2k
accusativeλόγον12kλόγους4k
vocativeλόγε6λόγοι1

Second declension, neuter: δῶρον

Neuters have the same form in nominative, accusative and vocative, and end in -α in the plural.

singularplural
nominativeδῶρον125δῶρα111
genitiveδώρου15δώρων147
dativeδώρῳ19δώροις126
accusativeδῶρον308δῶρα677
vocativeδῶρον2δῶρα·

First declension: ψυχή

singularplural
nominativeψυχή3kψυχαί312
genitiveψυχῆς5kψυχῶν271
dativeψυχῇ1kψυχαῖς560
accusativeψυχήν4kψυχάς857
vocativeψυχή49ψυχαί4

First declension, long α: χώρα

After ε, ι or ρ the singular keeps α instead of η.

singularplural
nominativeχώρα631χῶραι77
genitiveχώρας3kχωρῶν81
dativeχώρᾳ797χώραις123
accusativeχώραν4kχώρας339
vocativeχώρα·χῶραι·

First declension, short α: δόξα

singularplural
nominativeδόξα896δόξαι92
genitiveδόξης1kδοξῶν66
dativeδόξῃ616δόξαις154
accusativeδόξαν3kδόξας300
vocativeδόξα2δόξαι·

First declension, masculine: πολίτης

singularplural
nominativeπολίτης207πολῖται232
genitiveπολίτου84πολιτῶν1k
dativeπολίτῃ21πολίταις512
accusativeπολίτην210πολίτας730
vocativeπολῖτα1πολῖται61

Third declension: φύλαξ

The stem (φυλακ-) shows in the genitive; the nominative hides it (κ + ς = ξ).

singularplural
nominativeφύλαξ118φύλακες157
genitiveφύλακος12φυλάκων144
dativeφύλακι16φύλαξι(ν)58
accusativeφύλακα133φύλακας312
vocativeφύλαξ3φύλακες2

Third declension, neuter: σῶμα

singularplural
nominativeσῶμα3kσώματα725
genitiveσώματος7kσωμάτων2k
dativeσώματι3kσώμασι(ν)1k
accusativeσῶμα5kσώματα2k
vocativeσῶμα2σώματα·

Third declension, stems in ι/ε: πόλις

The genitive πόλεως comes from an older πόληος: the two vowels exchanged their lengths, and the accent stayed where it was.

singularplural
nominativeπόλις3kπόλεις993
genitiveπόλεως6kπόλεων2k
dativeπόλει4kπόλεσι(ν)1k
accusativeπόλιν10kπόλεις3k
vocativeπόλι9πόλεις2

Adjective: ἀγαθός, ἀγαθή, ἀγαθόν

masc. sgfem. sgneut. sgmasc. plfem. plneut. pl
nominativeἀγαθός1kἀγαθή376ἀγαθόν2kἀγαθοί602ἀγαθαί94ἀγαθά487
genitiveἀγαθοῦ323ἀγαθῆς241ἀγαθοῦ729ἀγαθῶν370ἀγαθῶν39ἀγαθῶν2k
dativeἀγαθῷ155ἀγαθῇ117ἀγαθῷ275ἀγαθοῖς214ἀγαθαῖς40ἀγαθοῖς382
accusativeἀγαθόν584ἀγαθήν390ἀγαθόν2kἀγαθούς622ἀγαθάς123ἀγαθά1k
vocativeἀγαθέ30ἀγαθή3ἀγαθόν2ἀγαθοί10ἀγαθαί·ἀγαθά·

Pronouns: ἐγώ (I), σύ (you)

The shorter forms (μου, σου…) are unemphatic and lean on the word before them.

Iweyou (one)you (all)
nominativeἐγώ2kἡμεῖς461σύ1kὑμεῖς498
genitiveἐμοῦ, μου1kἡμῶν626σοῦ, σου930ὑμῶν892
dativeἐμοί, μοι3kἡμῖν768σοί, σοι1kὑμῖν1k
accusativeἐμέ, με2kἡμᾶς510σέ, σε1kὑμᾶς865

Pronoun: αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό

Alone in the genitive, dative or accusative it means him, her, it, them; with the article it means "the same".

masc. sgfem. sgneut. sgmasc. plfem. plneut. pl
nominativeαὐτός18kαὐτή3kαὐτό4kαὐτοί6kαὐταί431αὐτά1k
genitiveαὐτοῦ41kαὐτῆς13kαὐτοῦ41kαὐτῶν37kαὐτῶν37kαὐτῶν37k
dativeαὐτῷ30kαὐτῇ7kαὐτῷ30kαὐτοῖς22kαὐταῖς2kαὐτοῖς22k
accusativeαὐτόν33kαὐτήν14kαὐτό11kαὐτούς18kαὐτάς3kαὐτά7k

εἰμί (be): present and imperfect

In the imperfect, the older Attic 1st person singular is ἦ; ἦν is also found.

presentimperfect
Iεἰμί633ἦ, ἦν1k
you (one)εἶ2kἦσθα186
he, she, itἐστί(ν)30kἦν29k
weἐσμέν425ἦμεν261
you (all)ἐστέ235ἦτε73
theyεἰσί(ν)8kἦσαν5k

λύω (loosen, free): active indicative

λύω is the classic model verb. Its endings are what matter: they appear on thousands of verbs.

presentimperfectfutureaorist
Iλύω8ἔλυον1λύσω16ἔλυσα8
you (one)λύεις4ἔλυες1λύσεις18ἔλυσας6
he, she, itλύει263ἔλυε(ν)13λύσει31ἔλυσε(ν)180
weλύομεν9ἐλύομεν1λύσομεν13ἐλύσαμεν2
you (all)λύετε14ἐλύετε·λύσετε6ἐλύσατε2
theyλύουσι(ν)59ἔλυον12λύσουσι(ν)4ἔλυσαν70

λύομαι: middle and passive, present and imperfect

In these two tenses the middle and the passive share every form. In the 2nd person singular Attic writers spell -ει (λύει), others -ῃ (λύῃ).

presentimperfect
Iλύομαι2ἐλυόμην·
you (one)λύει, λύῃ·ἐλύου·
he, she, itλύεται148ἐλύετο12
weλυόμεθα1ἐλυόμεθα·
you (all)λύεσθε·ἐλύεσθε·
theyλύονται42ἐλύοντο2

λύω: future middle, aorist middle, aorist passive

Here the voices part: the middle keeps the σ, the passive has θη. The future passive, λυθήσομαι "I shall be freed", is built on the same θη.

future middleaorist middleaorist passive
Iλύσομαι10ἐλυσάμην7ἐλύθην2
you (one)λύσει, λύσῃ·ἐλύσω1ἐλύθης·
he, she, itλύσεται·ἐλύσατο14ἐλύθη40
weλυσόμεθα·ἐλυσάμεθα·ἐλύθημεν·
you (all)λύσεσθε·ἐλύσασθε·ἐλύθητε·
theyλύσονται·ἐλύσαντο1ἐλύθησαν6

Participle, present active: λύων, λύουσα, λῦον

The masculine and neuter decline like third-declension nouns (stem λυοντ-), the feminine like δόξα. Every present active participle of an -ω verb has these endings.

masc. sgfem. sgneut. sgmasc. plfem. plneut. pl
nominativeλύων41λύουσα6λῦον1λύοντες20λύουσαι3λύοντα6
genitiveλύοντος7λυούσης4λύοντος·λυόντων7λυουσῶν·λυόντων·
dativeλύοντι6λυούσῃ1λύοντι·λύουσι(ν)1λυούσαις·λύουσι(ν)1
accusativeλύοντα12λύουσαν1λῦον1λύοντας7λυούσας·λύοντα1

Participle, aorist active: λύσας, λύσασα, λῦσαν

The same pattern with the aorist's σα: stem λυσαντ-, feminine λυσασ-. No augment: that belongs only to the indicative.

masc. sgfem. sgneut. sgmasc. plfem. plneut. pl
nominativeλύσας96λύσασα17λῦσαν·λύσαντες68λύσασαι2λύσαντα·
genitiveλύσαντος8λυσάσης·λύσαντος·λυσάντων6λυσασῶν·λυσάντων·
dativeλύσαντι13λυσάσῃ·λύσαντι·λύσασι(ν)2λυσάσαις·λύσασι(ν)·
accusativeλύσαντα22λύσασαν2λῦσαν·λύσαντας12λυσάσας·λύσαντα·

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μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος
οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρίʼ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγεʼ ἔθηκε

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